Advertising Makes You Buy Things You Dont Want or Need

Company / Organisation | Executive Summary of Marketing Campaign | Wants or Needs? | Figure No’s:| Result| Reference| Halifax – ‘Taking on the high street banks by communicating like a high street retailer’. | Halifax transformed from ‘being a building society’ to an aggressive competitor of the big four banks in just 12 months. Halifax believed that focusing their company as a ‘human’ organisation was a powerful platform. From this they combined ‘human’ and ‘value’ as key points. They branded their service as ‘Extra Value.Extra Friendly’. | No one wanted to use Halifax’s current accounts as they weren’t a recognised bank, and seemed risky for consumers to invest in. What Halifax bank had to offer wasn’t actually that much better than any of the other major banks. | | * 150% increase in Sales * 43% increase in profit per current account customer| Marco Rimmi, Advertising W orks 12, (World Advertising Research Centre, Oxfordshire, 2003)| Skoda – ‘It’s a Skoda. Honest’: the profitable return on brave communication. ‘Skoda Jokes’ were so entwined in British Culture that, despite the brands acquisition by VW in 1992, radical product improvements had continued to fall on deaf ears. In other words people were aware of the improvements and consequently didn’t buy. The repositioning that accompanied the launch of the Fabia in March 2000 challenged Skoda’s prejudice. | We can eliminate most variables that would give consumers a reason to buy the car – meaning that it was advertising that made people buy the car (not other factors). * Price: ‘Byers’ report, showed a sharp deflation in the car market price.Skoda were an exception – the average price for a Skoda was 60% higher than 97. * Distribution: No changes in numbers, share or quality. * Fleet Marketing: * Product:| | * 64% inc rease in Sales * The marketing expenditure was ? 14m, and it was estimated to have returned ? 37m of profits. | Marco Rimmi, Advertising Works 12, (World Advertising Research Centre, Oxfordshire, 2003)| Bakers Complete – ‘From underdog to top dog’| As a complete dry dog Food specialist, Bakers strategy was to steal market share from ‘canned dog foods’.In 1995 Bakers complete was relaunched with revised packaging, a revised formula and a new communication campaign. The target was housewives aged 25 -45, with children. The agency built on the emotional nature of the owner/dog relationship. The agency targeted ‘best friend’ with a campaign based on Pippin the brand ‘spokesdog’. | Research showed that many Dog owners actually felt that dry dog food was not as good as canned meat. Despite this sales actually rose (successful advertising).Not only were Bakers complete competing against canned food business’s but Dry Dog foo d producers too. So nobody ‘needed’ to buy Bakers food because they had many alternative buys. | | * 62. 5% increase in sales value * Sales Doubled after Two Years. The brand had continued to show strong growth ever since. | Marco Rimmi, Advertising Works 12, (World Advertising Research Centre, Oxfordshire, 2003)| Benadryl – ‘How the soft sell sold harder’ | At the launch, allergy brand Benadryl had the product advantage of being fast acting then its competitors.Advertising was developed to explain this advantage. After a successful launch the brand suddenly started to decline and growth was negative. Competitors had come into the market with competitive speed claims and similar creative treatments. The decision was taken to launch a variant with a completely different creative treatment. The advertising idea was to ‘criminalise’ the causes of hayfever. | Obviously people who suffer from Hayfever Need treatment to control or prevent the symptoms.However nobody needed or necessarily wanted to buy Benadryl once other businesses began to sell the same product. As there was no product advantage in the market Benadryl’s success was down to their successful marketing campaign. | | * Both tracking data and qualitative data point to the level of consumer involvement in the tone of the advertising or driving the successful sales results * For every ? 1 spent, there was ? 4. 8 in sales returned| Marco Rimmi, Advertising Works 12, (World Advertising Research Centre, Oxfordshire, 2003)| | | | | * | |

Discrimination Concerning African Americans Essay

  Differences in race lead to divergent levels of economic development within the United States. Analysts often try to explain this phenomenon by observing a specific ethnic group’s tradition and cultural ideology. Economists expand their analysis on the economic behaviors of African Americans by taking into consideration personal histories and value systems of the group under study. American families measure economic status in terms of income, and factors associated with material security as a whole. These factors may consist of health care, college funds, and retirement plans. However, African American families lag well behind when conceptualizing economic development under these terms. The reason is due to numerous instances of discrimination that occur in the U. S. Many of America’s public policies aid in the underdevelopment of non-white families. Increased economic development within America is the key to upward political and social mobility. If minorities are denied inevitable rights to equality, access to economic development becomes a highly difficult process. Despite America’s idealized view on equal opportunity, it is valid to assume that economic security has been limited on the basis of race. Therefore, it is important to investigate why white American families are economically better-off than non-white American families. One must take into account aspects of political participation, education, and the number of children a family has in the home in order to understand this research question. Contemporary Viewpoints: The lack of political participation of minority groups is a prevalent issue within the United States, explaining why non-white American families are less economically developed when compared to white American families. According to Douglas S. Massey (1995), minority families increasingly speak languages and bear cultures quite different than the established norms within the U. S. regime. He has found that ethnic groups carry their customs into new generations, leading many non-white families to become displaced and impoverished. Brinck Kerr and Will Miller (1997) believe that it is necessary for non-white American families to participate in elections in order to obtain equal representation that they are now lacking. They go on to say that political representation is the key to higher employment levels, and is a significant determinant to the minority share of professional positions. William H. Frey (1996) finds that immigrants usually encounter highly stratified society characterized by high income inequality leaving little room for upward mobility. In addition, Paula D. Mcklain (1990) assumes that non-white American families will continue to reside in low economic subcultures that are institutionally incomplete if they are represented at much lower ratios relative to the population portions of whites. Susan Welch (1990) has found that minority groups have not even achieved half their population proportions in political elections. These numbers are even lower than what they were a decade ago. She states that other factors that lead to low political participation within minority groups is that a substantial number of non-white American families are not citizens, and therefore are not eligible to vote. Also, Massey has found that America enacts policies that hinder the socioeconomic status of immigrants for they are underrepresented at virtually all levels and institutions in United States government. Moreover, Friedberg and Hunt (1995) have found that non-white American families receive less benefits than white families because of geographic segregation within the community. The various dispersion of minority families in different low-income areas within the U. S. makes it difficult for these families to be represented proportionally. Consequently, Rodney E. Hero and Caroline J. Tolbert (1995) believe minority families can now be easily manipulated by government because they are not equally accounted for. Therefore, non-white American families are not able to take advantage of economically developed determinants such as health care and retirement funds. The inscription of the Statue of liberty expresses to the world to â€Å"give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free†¦. † America continuously contradicts itself on the validity of this concept due to the increasingly economic tension between Caucasian and non-white families. Friedberg and Hunt (1995) give the example of Proposition 187, which makes many non-white American families ineligible for certain services such as public health. Non-white American families are not given the opportunity to take advantage of benefactors the U. S. offers to white American families. Therefore, Non-white American families lack of political participation, and unequal representation in governmental institutions and legislative bodies, leads them to be less economically developed than white American families. Education is another obstacle to economic development that non-white families face. Education is a vital tool to economic security. However, Melissa Marschall (1997) has found that current policies demonstrate minorities have been denied equal access to education. She has found that assignment systems based on assessments of language deficiencies or other individual needs are used to separate non-whites from whites. According to Jeffrey J. Mondack and Diana C. Mutz (1997), inequitable school financing is equally detrimental to non-white students. Funding for public schools comes from property taxes. They go along to say that predomintly non-white schools tend to be in central inner city school districts which have a smaller property tax base. In addition, the Office of Civil Rights has identified practices that are termed â€Å"second generation school discrimination†. Practices such as ability grouping, suspensions, and tracking may appear on the surface to be normal educational practices. When examining these components closer, Brick Kerr and Will Miller (1997) have found they have a negative impact on minority students. Ability grouping is a form of segregation that separates minority students from whites. They have found that before even attempting to teach non-white students, they are diagnosed with having linguistic or intellectual problems. The students are therefore required to take special and bilingual classes, making it difficult for them to succeed. According to Robert E. England (1986), non-white students are many times pulled out of regular classes and placed into bilingual classes only on the basis of ethnicity rather than their understanding of English. Brick and Miller go on to explain that suspensions are a second tactic used to encourage the failure of minority students in school. Non-white students are given more harsh disciplinary sentences than white students. Moreover, studies show that the ratio of minority students kicked out of school is disproportionately higher than whites, making the students more likely to drop out. Marschall has found that schools also advocate differences in ability grouping and discipline, leading to distinctions in tracking between non-whites and whites. The majority white students in high ability groups are often counseled to choose college preparatory tracks. However, minorities in low ability groups are counseled into vocational or general tracks, making them less likely to attend post-secondary education. Mondack and Mutz believe that the overall pattern of racial inequality the school system has created makes non-whites less likely to receive a quality education than whites. This truth makes it difficult for economic development to occur within non-white American families. The number of children in a family lead to increased poverty levels and low economic development within non-white American families. M. Klitsch (1990) has found that minority women have children at an extensively higher rate than that of white women. Also, he states that non-white women represent a small percentage of the population, however they account for a greater number of births. Alejandro Portes and Cynthia Truelove (1987) go on to say that non-white families are generally poorer than white families because of the higher number of children in the home. This leads them to be more likely to live below the poverty line. In addition, Genevieve M. Kenney and Nancy E. Reichman (1998) have found the population of non-whites increases faster than whites every year due to high fertility rates. Similarly, the two have found that fertility rates of non-whites families living in impoverished communities is almost double compared to white families. Klitsch has found that non-white families have an estimated 5. 5 people to a household, while white families only 3. 8. Therefore, these high rates lead to low socioeconomic status, and limited opportunities to increase economic security. According to Kenney and Reichman, the high fertility rates are due to low percentages of minorities who use contraceptives. They have also found that non-white women are less likely to have an abortion than white women. One might view this as a positive aspect. However, Portes and Truelove believe that one must take into account the over a quarter of minority families who have an income below the federal poverty line, which is almost one half greater than those of white families. Therefore, the high number of children within non-white American families make them more likely to experience economic deprivation than white American families. There has been an abundance of scholarly research previously conducted on the economic differences between white and non-white American families. They usually consist of data sources such as the U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, and the U. S. bureau of the Census. The Foreign Born Population of the United States and Statistical Reports are used with the previously listed sources to compare ethnic groups (Friedberg and Hunt, pg. 5). These databases yield cross-sectional designs that develop into time series reports in order to make assumptions on variables dealing with GNP and income, proving distinct differences in the races under study. For instance, researchers assume that white families are more economically developed than non-whites. This is because the average white American family makes $44,000 a year, and the average non-white American family does not make half this amount (6-7). These figures are valid in drawing conclusions about correlative relationships, satisfying important ideological factors necessary to study when dealing with the dependent variable of race. A more effective method of analysis was a study derived from interviews in a low income Los Angeles county. The participants were white and non-white females. The study was conducted between January 1984 and May 1985 (M. Kitsch, 136-137). In addition, the sample consisted of a three-stage cluster of census tracks, blocks, and household addresses. This cross-sectional design embodied research dealing with fertility rates of different races. The minority women proved to have higher fertility rates in low income sectors, leading Klitsch to question the different ways non-white American families conceptualize economic development. Non-white American families have to deal with numerous accounts of racial discrimination. It is difficult for a non-white American family to become economically stable in terms of income and security plans. The reason is due to being a minority in a predominately white America. Therefore, non-white American families are less economically developed than white American families because: H1 non-white American families are less likely to participate in elections than white American families. H2 non-white Americans are more likely to be discriminated against in school than white Americans. H3 the more children in a household, the more likely a family will be economically deprived. Implications and Conclusion: Education, political participation, and the number of children a family has all affect the levels of economic development within the household for white American families. Even though education levels has a stronger affect toward higher levels of income, when the three variables are measured together, they are all highly statistically significant. In non-white American homes, education levels appears to be the key determinant of their economic status. Further test need to be measured in reference to how the number of children a family has and political participation affect the economic security of non-white American families. With this, the above hypotheses will prove to have more validity. However, in both cases it was important to measure education, the number of children a family has, and political participation together in order to understand the affect these variables have on each other, and how this affect leads to higher or lower levels of economic development within the family. These multivariate studies are also important in predicting the affect the independent variables will have on total family income in the future. It can be assumed that the highest year of school completed will continue to have a strong affect toward economic development in the future for both white and non-white American families. In addition, the number of children in a white American family and their political participation are significant variables to measure when determining their economic standpoint in future years to come. There are alternative approaches to identifying explanations to why non-white American families are less economically developed than white American families. One example is the difference in income between non-white and white American families who have single parents and ones that have two parents. Another alternative approach is identifying education as only an antecedent variable, and observing how it relates to occupation, the true independent variable under study. From here, one can observe how economic development is related to a person’s occupation within the home. As anyone who walks the streets of America’s largest cities knows, there has been a profound transformation of different ethnic cultures within the United States. The rapidity of the change has led to growing competition of economic development between white and non-white American families. This competition has lead to ethnic prejudice and discrimination as the United States continues to assimilate into the melting pot for the American dream. Political participation, education, and the number of children within the home are variables that allow the transition to become a less arduous process for white American families. However, if non-white American families continue to do poorly in terms of economic development because of these variables, non-whites will continue to lag behind the income scale in comparison to whites. Research along these lines will lead to the study of relative differences between ethnic cultures. An example is the discovery of why almost half the number of minorities return to their country of origin after experiences of economic injustice. Previous research may also benefit other analysis in the field of economics by itemizing fertility rates in terms of the higher number of non-white American families who lack the finances to properly nourish their children. These new variables along with my research can in time become valid determinants in explaining why white American families are economically better off that non-white American families.

Autism 2

Autism 2 Essay There are many diseases and disorders that plague todays society, but one of the most serious of those disorders is autism. Autism is not nearly as widely known as the familiar Downs Syndrome, yet, surprisingly, autism is far more widespread. In fact, autism is the third most common developmental disability, affecting 400,000 people worldwide (Autism Society of America). As of yet there is no cure for this debilitating disorder, only a variety of treatments. Autism is a developmental disability, not a mental illness, that typically appears during the first three years of life and affects 15 of every 10,000 individuals. No one is certain why it occurs, but researchers have found that MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans of people with autism show abnormalities in the structure of the brain. Significant abnormalities include differences in the cerebellum and in the size and number of Purkinje cells within the brain. Sometimes there is a pattern that exists within families from generation to generation. This indicates the possibility that autism is genetically related. However, no gene has been found. Every person with autism is different and there is no set type or typical person with autism. This is because autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning that symptoms and characteristics of the disorder can present themselves in a variety of ways, from mild to severe. Usually children with autism have deficiencies in both verbal and non-verbal communication. Their language develops slowly or not at all and they have very short attention spans. They often lack social skills and will spend time alone, rather than with others. In more severe cases, children have unusual reactions to physical sensations such as being overly sensitive to touch or under responsive to pain. Most commonly, children with autism lack imagination and imitate others ideas, rather than initiate their own. Lastly, behavior is greatly affected by autism. They may be overactive or very passive and throw frequent tantrums, injuring themselves, for no apparent reason other than to gather attention. They often lack common sense and show aggressive or violent behavior. While some people only show one or two symptoms, others have all or nearly all and find it extremely difficult to function in society. People with autism do live normal life spans and the behaviors associated may change or disappear over time. As of yet, there is no cure for autism. However, with the proper treatment, many of the behaviors can be positively changed. Some of the treatments include behavioral training, teaching of communication and social skills, auditory training, medications, and a change in diet. Behavioral training or modification, as it is also called, deals with changing or extinguishing inappropriate behaviors and increasing positive behaviors. A few methods are used to do this. One way is self-management where the individual monitors their behavior and receives self-reinforcement. Another method used is modeling. This is when the teacher or therapist demonstrates what is being done so the child can model the steps. Behavioral training is effective in stopping self-inflicted pain by shaping and distributing positive reinforcement. The teaching of communication and social skills is an integral part of treating autism. Speech therapy may include gaining language skills or learning sign language. Some devices are used frequently such as picture communication boards. Another device is used with a trained professional supporting the hand or arm of the person helping them to punch keys on a device. This technique, called facilitated communication, is highly controversial because it is sometimes thought that the facilitator is directing the persons arm unknowingly. One of the main characteristics of autism is the lack of understanding of social cues (Autism Society of America). The person with autism may be taught how to communicate in social situations or respond to certain facial expressions and emotions. If the emphasis is on social communication, a speech therapist will work closely with the child to ensure proper communication in social situations. Auditory training is sometimes used for those individuals who are oversensitive to sound. An audiologist plays a different variety of sound frequencies in this therapy. Food allergies and sensitivities have been shown to produce a variety of symptoms associated with autism .

Virtues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Virtues - Essay Example Even though ‘pleasure’ and ‘happiness’ are sometimes used interchangeably, they are completely different in their meanings. Pleasure is something momentary that is achieved by doing something external, like having a good meal, having fun with friends or playing sports. Happiness on the other hand is internal unbound by the momentary pleasures. A person may have feel temporary pleasures but he can only achieve happiness if he feels internally satisfied and content with his daily life (Paul, 2006). Aristotle was one of the earliest person to define what virtues actually stand for. According to Aristotle, the virtues are actually a balance between two vices which could also be called as the extremes of those virtues. The balance point between the two vices is called the golden mean which may lie in the middle, or near to one of the extremes. There are eleven virtues as defined by Aristotle each of which is supposed to lie between two vices. According to Aristotle, courage is a virtue bound by the two extremes of rashness and cowardice (IEP, 2005) . For example, a person is a coward if he cannot stand up for his own rights or rash if he is too reckless with his effort to stand up against the authority. Courage is the virtue that lies between these two extremes and the person is courageous if he keeps his emotions in check and does not become too reckless in his

Quantitative and Analytical Techniques for Managers Coursework Essay

Quantitative and Analytical Techniques for Managers Coursework - Essay Example This indicates that some of the provinces may be very poor while others may be very rich although we still have to validate this when the data are transformed into gross regional product per capita. A standard deviation of 759,648.2 million yuan which is very close to the mean value of 892,031.93 million yuan. This indicates a very high variability. The high variability is also indicated by the high variance of 5,770,653,964 million yuan. From the perspective of the manager, the mean as measure of central tendency is very useful. However, the mean can mask a situation in which some of the provinces or cases have actually very high or very low variable values. The mode can be almost useless for ratio data but is very useful for nominal data or variables. The median is extremely useful to identify at what value the population is divided into 2 equal parts: half below the median while the other half is above the median. For instance, in the data above, the median is 609,110 million yuan versus the mean value of 892,031.93 million yuan or that the median is lower than the mean. This indicates that a few provinces with high values of the gross regional product are raising the mean to be above the median. Given a poverty figure, for example, we can determine through the median whether at least half of the population are below or above the poverty figure. Another option is to use a measure of living standard. A median above the living standard would indicate that at least half of the population are above the living standard. For ratio data, it is the belief of this writer that the using both the median and the mean simultaneously would be useful. However, for nominal variables, the identification of central tendency through the mode will the one useful. 1.2. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the gross regional product and gross capital is positive 0.97408077 versus the perfect correlation of positive 1.

Managing the software enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing the software enterprise - Essay Example Certain kinds of special configuration management software are also available to do the task in a more effective manner. When a system require software or hardware upgrade, a computer technician can accesses the program of the configuration management and database to see what is presently installed. The technician can then create a more informed decision regarding the upgrade needed. The major benefit of application of a configuration management is that the whole collection of systems can be evaluated to ensure any modification made to one system do not negatively affect any of the other systems. Configuration management is used to help estimate project cost and duration. It provides cost estimating support for the period of the planning and design stages of projects for optimization of the design and studies of value engineering, risk assessment life-cycle and cost analyses. Question 2 is based on a case study of an ERP system that, unlike the ‘Cisco’ case study looked at in the previous TMAs, failed. a. This part of the question relates to the management of resources. (10 marks) Vicro communications is a global provider of products and services that enable industries to communicate through digital and print technologies. As a prominent dealer of document formatted information, data based marketing and print outsourcing, they manufactures and delivers business communication products, Vicro designs, services and solutions to consumers. This case study consists mainly of three resource areas that include technical, human and financial or timescale components. The company undertake over 100 distribution and manufacturing services. About 14,000 employees, spreading over serving 47 countries work for them. It gives a leading edge in IT systems and provides modern solutions that allow firms to adapt to the dynamics of change. â€Å"Vicro is a large company with approximately 2.45 billion in 1999 and 2.26 billion dollars in 2000 revenue† (Tingey, et al. 2003). The relation between BPR and ERP Vicro provides project management, consulting, distribution of high volume and reengineering, customized connections to its customers. It also delivers personalized, simple to read documents planned to help a positive idea on an organization’s clients. The company has become a market leader in organizing critical business communications. It facilitates products and services that contain statement, government noticing, cards, plan member communication, policy holder and database marketing. The main technologies used by the company include mainframe systems to store centralized production data and provide the core functions of the business and client server technologies for growth as well as handling routine daily tasks. These processes mainly include email, web access, file transfer etc. b. This question relates to risk management. (10 marks) i. Risks can be ranked, according to which these must be tackled first when resources are scarce. Generally, risks with high severity and high likelihood of frequent occurrence must be tackled first, and risks with low severity and low frequency need to be accorded lower priority. In this case study, the main risk is organizational risks, which

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 46

Homework - Assignment Example The evidence tallied to the same observation. The world had enough reason to believe the earth was round (Magan pp. 8). Since then, the shape of the earth was under constant investigation with many scholars drawing endless observation that showed the earth was round indeed. Some of the evidences include; when two sailors are on the ocean, one in front and another one right behind. The observer standing at the beach starts to see the smoke of the ship of the first sailor and then the other one emerges. If the earth was flat, then the two sailors would have been seen at the same time in their relative position. If a traveler would be heading southern part of the earth, the group of stars appears to rise higher above the horizon. This could only mean the earth is round. Similar observation was made in that; some stars could be seen when one is at a particular location but disappear when one move to another

People have to solve the smog problem Research Paper

People have to solve the smog problem - Research Paper Example China’s own governmental policies designed to keep the problem of pollution within limits have not been very successful and the national target to keep the concentration of particulate matter within limits was never achieved. The environment belongs to each and every one of us and there exists several ways in which citizens of the country help to reduce the problem and lead a better and safer life. Smog is basically photochemical air pollution. Smog has two major components- suspended particular matter and emissions from factories and vehicles. Smog is basically of two kinds- London type and photochemical type. London type of smog occurs mostly in urban and industrialized areas where coal plants and fossil fuels are consumed in huge quantities. Major components in such types of smog includes particulate matter and oxides of sulfur. Another major form is the photochemical smog which a result of reactions in the atmosphere which are initiated by ultraviolet radiations on emissions. Vehicles are the principal contributors to such emissions. Major components of photochemical air pollution includes oxides of nitrogen, ozone and hydrocarbons (Altshuller, 1978). It is not that that the Chinese Government is least bothered about the environment or problems associated with it. The fact is that the government has greater concern for socioeconomic development and has degraded the environment in the race to become a booming economy. Air pollution monitoring have shown that suspended particulate matter in most regions such as Shanghai and Beijing exceed the limits which can be tolerated by the human body. According to air quality index for Shanghai is 137 and for Beijing is 224, both of which are very unhealthy (Air Quality Index in China, 2015). In fact very recently, the air pollution in Beijing was so high that it became impossible to measure it with the normal air quality methodology. China’s energy demands are

Explain links between economic development and destruction of forests Essay

Explain links between economic development and destruction of forests in the Third World. Explain how development can be designed to protect forests. Describe - Essay Example The research on the ecological situation of the world clearly shows that the largest and most significant causes of pollution are the industrial and commercial activities of humans. These activities are taking place at an accelerating rate in countries which are seeking to develop themselves into economic powers such as India and China. Whenever fossil fuels are used to drive automobiles, run industries or provide energy to offices and homes, a significant amount of harmful gasses are created which are released into the atmosphere. While a certain amount of atmospheric pollution can be controlled and nature has the magnificent ability to manage excess carbon dioxide (CO2), the present rate of creation of these compounds in developing countries is simply too much for nature to handle (Quammen, 1998). The deforestation of the world is certainly adding to the problem since different locations around the world in LDCs and MDCs are suffering from humans encroaching on forest regions. As India develops into the back office of the world, its Gir forest is being destroyed to make room for mango farms, peanut groves and lime quarries for the cement that is to be used in multistory offices in Mumbai and Bangalore. The UN reports that the rate of deforestation has only increased in the world since 15.4 million hectares per annum are being taken away from our forests. In South America alone, every year 6.2 million hectares of forest land is destroyed to make room for the population (Quammen, 1998). The situation has come to a point where 95% of the forest land of Brazil is gone and 92% of the forests of the Philippines are gone. Costa Rica was a country known for its biodiversity but she has also lost more than 90% of her forests. If the situation continues as it has in the past, by the middle of the present century, there would be no forests left in these developing countries except in

Bats Definition Essay Essay Example for Free

Bats Definition Essay Essay Bats are defined as flying mammals of the order Chiroptera . They have a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate regions and have modified forelimbs that serve as wings and are covered with a membranous skin extending to the hind limbs that allows them to fly. The bat’s the only mammal capable of true flight. They use echolocation to find their prey by emitting sound waves that bounce off objects in front of them and echo back to them. By using their highly advanced hearing they can determine an object’s size, shape, location and even texture Bats are good at keeping insect populations in control by hunting Different bats live through the winter in a variety of ways. Some types of bats migrate while others hibernate. Some even go into Torpor (a state of controlled hypothermia). Bats in the wild usually find places like hollow trees or caves to hibernate in, but they also find comfort in man made locations. It’s during the winter that most homeowners need to be aware of bat activity surrounding their homes. It’s not uncommon for bats to move into homes to stay warm, dry and secure during the winter months. They’re especially fond of places like attics, crawlspaces and unused chimneys. Bats are commonly thought of as carriers of rabies. While bats can get rabies the percentage of bats with the disease is less than one percent, so there is no reason to fear a bat more than other animals. However, it is recommended that bats found in houses or bats that come in contact with humans be taken to a local health department vet or police for rabies testing to rule out the presence of the disease. Signs of a bat infestation can include the smell of urine or feces (or guano) in strange places (usually near walls or fire places) or maybe even the physical presence of animal waste. Another, more obvious sign includes scratching and squeaking in the walls or ceiling. Occasionally bats may find their way into the inner sanctum of your household. There are many rights and wrongs to getting a bat out of the house First of all, it is important to know your foe and be aware of a bat’s abilities. When trapped indoors bats have the tendency to swoop back and forth through a room quickly. When this happens the best thing to do is to contain the bat in one room and open any doors or screenless windows leading to the outdoors. If this is possible simply stand back and wait for it to land or fly out the window. If you have some sort of net you could try catching it as it swoops by. Bats cannot take off from the ground, so they have to climb and take off from high places like walls or furniture, so when a bat is grounded you have the opportunity to catch the bat. This can be done in several ways. Regardless of how you catch a bat you must always be very careful to not touch the bat to prevent being bitten or scratched. Cornered bats can be quite vicious if provoked. You can use gloves, a thick towel or net to capture the bat. If you prefer not to use your hand you could use a box, can, or Tupperware container by trapping the bat and then sliding a piece of cardboard under it. Regardless of how you choose to approach a bat, it is always a good idea to at least wear thick gloves to avoid being bitten. Any bat suspected of having physical contact with a person should be captured and submitted for rabies testing. Your local health department, animal control office or veterinarian can help you submit the bat to a laboratory for rabies testing. If the bat tests negative, rabies treatment can be avoided. If a bat bites or has physical contact with a person, the wound or contact area should be washed immediately with soap and water. Unfortunately, bat bites and scratches are small and may go unnoticed. In certain situations it may be impossible to know if contact with a bat has occurred. These situations occur when a bat is found in the same room with a sleeping person, infant or young child, a person with a disease that reduces mental capacity, or persons under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Whenever a bat has physical contact with a person, or is suspected of coming in contact with a person, the bat should be captured and tested, if possible, and the incident should be reported immediately to a physician and local health authority to assess the need for rabies treatment. Bats are good for the environment and should not be feared but respected. Bats good for the environment and keep the mosquito population down preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as malaria and West-Nile Virus. Bats are often viewed in culture as evil

Non-communicable diseases Diseases of Excess

Non-communicable diseases Diseases of Excess Non-Communicable diseases often referred to as Diseases of Excess or Diseases of Affluence are increasing in both rich and poor countries. What factors are contributing to this trend? What are the implications for public health policy? Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948) where as Disease is a condition where any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown (Dorlands Medical Dictionary, 2007). Disease can be divided broadly into two categories as Communicable and Non Communicable Diseases (on the basis of its spread). Communicable disease is a disease which can spread from one individual to other through any carrier/organism (Malaria, HIV/AIDS, etc). It is also known as Infectious or Contagious disease. There are many factors responsible for the cause of communicable diseases like social, environmental, sanitation and education. Non Communicable disease is a disease which is not communicated from one individual from another (Hypertens ion, Cancer, etc). It is also known as Chronic diseases because these diseases takes lot of time to show the sign and symptoms within an individual. The major causes for NCDs are lifestyle, habits like smoking and alcohol, inadequate diet and physical inactivity. Communicable diseases was reported to be the major cause of death in earlier time where as Non Communicable diseases(NCDs) are of major threat in current era except in some countries like Africa where still people die out of infections. In some countries like USA, the leading cause of death in 1900s was tuberculosis and pneumonia where as these diseases are secondary nowadays and their places are acquired by the cardiovascular diseases on the top and cancer being the second. The main reason for the reduction in communicable diseases are the improvement in diagnosis, treatment, sanitation, nutrition, housing, working conditions, preventive measures such as immunization, evolution of life saving drugs like antibiotics and sulpha drugs. Non-Communicable diseases or Non-Infectious diseases are caused by factors mainly behavioural, lifestyle and heredity and which cannot be transmitted to other individual. It is also caused as the Disease of Affluence or the Disease of Excess as it is caused due to negligence or disturbance caused in the normal routine lifestyle which is mainly found in the upper class of the society where there is more chances of misbalance between diet and work can be seen. Few of the examples which come under non communicable diseases are Heart diseases, Stroke, Obesity, Diabetes, Cancer, etc. Acc. to WHOs statistics in 2008, Heart Stroke has become the leading cause of death globally leaving behind the infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria, etc. In 2003, there was an estimated 56 million death globally, out of which 60% death was supposed to be due to non-communicable diseases (WHO, 2003). Among NCDs, 16 million deaths resulted from cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Stroke; 7 million from Cancer; 3 ·5 million from Chronic Respiratory Disease; and almost 1 million from Diabetes (Ibid). Apart from these, mental health problems are also the leading contributors to the burden of disease in many countries nowadays and play a major role in contributing to the severity and incidence of other NCDs. NCDs are now considered to be the major threat contributing 59% of death in 2000 and predicted to account for 73% by 2020 (WHO, 2002). NCDs are also termed as a Disease of Affluence due to incidence and prevalence mainly in the developed countries (Anand K et al, 2007). But according to them, this seems to be a misleading term as the NCD trend is increasing at a higher pace in middle and low income countries leaving them in a double burden of Communicable diseases as well as NCDs. It can more appropriately be labelled as Disease of Urbanisation (Ibid). Several studies done by them have proved that the NCDs and its risk factors are found in higher proportion among urban population than rural population. Their study shows that urban population has increased during past decade due to migration where as urban growth is stabilized at 3%. Contrary to it, the urban slum growth rate has doubled which has made the situation worse as these migrated poor people living in urban areas will adopt the NCD lifestyle but will not be in a condition to access the healthcare due to their poor purchasing ability. Study shows a high prevalence of NCDs risk factor in the urban slums of Haryana, India. The population residing in the slums is at high risk than the urban population due to poor access as well as no social and health support system for them. This requires an urgent intervention which can work at national, community as well as local level. A framework of the policy is required at national level which has tobacco and alcohol control measures, promotion of good diet and involvement of proper exercise. Simultaneously, reorientation and strengthening of the governments health system is needed to face the challenge of NCDs community level efforts to create an environment which promotes adoption of healthy behaviors. To overcome this situation, government has started the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) which provides a rational basis for decision making and impl ementing public health interventions and also ensures involving the slums as well (Ibid). A survey was being conducted by Anand et al in urban areas slums of Faridabad District, Haryana, India, in February 2003 to June 2004 for checking out the prevalence of NCDs in urban poor people. Their study followed the STEPS approach of WHO where questions related to tobacco use, alcohol intake, diet, physical activity were included and history of treatment for hypertension, diabetes, physical values like height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were also measured. They surveyed 1260 men and 1304 women of age 15-64. The result came out of this survey was very alarming. The rate of smoking and alcohol drinkers were high among urban slums male population. Almost one third of the population had at least one risk factor. Alcohol consumption among younger population indicates gradually falling economy of the country in the coming future. The table 1 (Appendix) shows that NCDs are the leading cause for the death in both developed and developing countries except some countries like Africa where still today, there is more number of death due to communicable diseases than NCDs. In 2003, 2 ·8 million CVD deaths occur in China and 2 ·6 million in India. NCDs contributed substantially to adult mortality with central and eastern Europe having the highest rates (WHO, 2003). The Table 2 (Appendix) shows that the developed countries have seven NCDs out of ten leading risk factors which are contributing to the global burden of disease, where as six and three out of ten with low and high rates of mortality respectively, in the developing countries. These NCD risk factors are increasing at a higher rate in the developing countries and assumed to continue in the same manner for the next two decades. Chronic diseases attribute to the 46% of the global burden of the disease, Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs), in particular. Although some of the communicable diseases are still prominent in the some parts of the Africa, Asia and Latin America, deaths mainly due to chronic diseases were reported in five out of the six WHO regions (Africa, America, South east Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific and Europe). In developing countries also, 79% of the deaths are reported due to the chronic diseases. Incidence and prevalence of obesity, diabetes, cancers, respiratory diseases and other NCDs are increasing all over the world (Murray and Lopaz, 1996). Developing country like China has experienced an epidemiological transition shifting from the infectious to the chronic diseases in much shorter time than many other countries. The pace and spread of behavioral changes, including changing diets, decreased physical activity, high rates of male smoking, and other high risk behaviors, has accelerated to an unprecedented degree. As a result, the burden of chronic diseases, preventable morbidity and mortality, and associated health-care costs could now increase substantially. China already has 177 million adults with hypertension; furthermore, 303 million adults smoke, which is a third of the worlds total number of smokers, and 530 million people in China are passively exposed to second-hand smoke. The prevalence of overweight people and obesity is increasing in Chinese adults and children, because of dietary changes and reduced physical activity. Emergence of chronic diseases presents special challenges for Chinas ongoing reform of heal th care, given the large numbers who require curative treatment and the narrow window of opportunity for timely prevention of disease (Gonghuan Y et al, 2008). Common Non-Communicable Diseases Cardiovascular diseases include all the heart diseases like hypertension, stroke, atherosclerosis, etc. Annually, 17 million deaths are reported mainly due to the CVDs globally out of which 80% are reported in low and middle income countries with a continuous increasing trend (Reddy and Yusuf, 1998). Acc. to Lenfant, CVD will be the leading cause of the death by 2010 in the developing countries due to changes brought about by urbanization and industrialization. Due to costly and prolonged treatment cost of CVDs, developing countries are at greater prevalence for the risk factors, higher incidence of disease and higher mortality (Reddy, 2002). Diabetes is increase in blood sugar level in a person. International Diabetes Federation has released the statistics in 2003, according to which diabetes patients will going to increase from 194 million in 2003 to 330 million in 2030 and at that time every 3 out of 4 living person will be diabetic. The age of diabetic patients in developing countries is comparatively more than developed countries. The cases found in developing countries are above the age of retirement which may lead to conditions like blindness, amputations, kidney failure and heart diseases (Boutayeb and Twizell, 2004). Cancer and its type are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. It is known to be the major cause for the mortality and morbidity. More than 10 million new cases and over 7 million deaths from cancer occurred in 2000 (Shibuya et al., 2002). Developing countries contributed by 53% in incidence and 56% in deaths. By 2020, there will be an increase of around 29% cases in developed countries and 73% in developing countries (Mathers et al., 1999). Lung, breast, stomach, colorectal and liver cancer are the most frequent in developing countries. Cancer and its related types can be treated on a preventative basis. Early detection and control of risk factors like tobacco and alcohol can be said to be the cornerstones in this process because it is estimated that over one third of the cancer types are preventable and around one third are potentially curable if they are detected early (Alwan, 1997). Other NCDs includes chronic respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, mental and depressive disorders, osteoarthritis, hearing loss and disorder of vision (WHO, 2003). They all contribute mainly to the burden of disease in developing countries. Conditions such as obesity and high blood pressure also has a double impact, either as a disease or as a risk factor for other NCDs (WHO, 2004). Risk Factors The life expectancy at birth has increased since 1970 in all the high, middle and low income countries (UNDP, 2005). Due to this factor, longer life span has resulted in the predominance of the chronic diseases in the population. The epidemiological transition has resulted in the higher proportion of the adults population due to decline in fertility rates and the infant mortality rates. The behavioural risk factors like smoking and nutritional transition towards diet having high fat, high sugar with low carbohydrates and fruits along with the physical inactivity and increase in alcohol consumption have become the greatest health challenge in the 21st century (Magnusson, 2007). The environmental causes are also responsible for the emergence of NCD as an epidemic. These factors have brought up the nutrition transition by industrialisation of the food production, expansion of the market economies in the developing countries, the growth of the complex supply chain management at a global level, rapid growth of supermarket in the developing world and the growing concentration of global food manufacturers (Ibid). Some other key factors like rising incomes, production of cheap and low energy-dense foods, growing urbanisation and increase in growth in demand for pre-packed food are also the major risk factors for NCDs (Ibid). The evolution of NCDs has put up a double burden on low and middle income countries. Diabetes and lung cancer are also reflecting rise in the rate of smoking and obesity which are called to be the major risk factors for the NCDs (Leeder, 2004). In the year 2001, 17 million people died due to heart diseases where as 3 million people died due to AIDS (Ibid). During this year, heart disease and stroke were the leading cause of death in both high income and low-middle income countries, accounting for 27 and 21% population respectively. Out of all, 83% of death occurred in the developing countries (Ibid). Evidence has shown that CVD occurs at an early age in developing countries, consuming their productive years of life. Globally, obese people are also increasing at a higher pace with a far higher number overall in developing countries. Due to this, diabetic patients are also increasing with more number falling in the 45-65 age group (Ibid). Tobacco causes 4.8 million premature deaths in the year 2000, half of which were in the developing world (Ezzati and Lopez, 2003). Since 1975, cigarette consumption has decreased sharply in the developed countries, but it is continuously rising in developing countries due to the rapid increase in population. More than 1 billion smokers lives in the developing counties out of 1.3 billion smokers globally which indicates that forthcoming threat of tobacco related epidemic will impact the developing world. Even after non smoking awareness programme through out the world, there will be around 1.45 billion smokers in 2025 (Guindon and Boisclair, 2003). Tragically, half to two third of the chronic smokers will die out of their habit (Jamison et al, 2006). Peto and lopez has estimated that if this trend continues, 10 million people will die every year because of tobacco where 7 out of 10 will be from the developing countries resulting in around 150 million death till 2025. The ageing of populations, mainly due to falling fertility rates and increasing child survival, are an underlying determinant of non-communicable disease epidemics. Additionally, global trade and marketing developments are driving the nutrition transition towards diets with a high proportion of saturated fat and sugars. This diet, in combination with tobacco use and little physical activity, leads to population-wide atherosclerosis and the widespread distribution of non-communicable disease. Globally, many of the risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and pulmonary diseases are due to lifestyle and can be prevented. Physical inactivity, Western diet, alcohol and smoking are prominent causes for the NCDs and its risk factors. Tobacco is number one enemy of public health (WHO, 2000). It is the most important established cause of cancer but also responsible in CVDs and chronic respiratory disease. In the twentieth century, approximately 100 million people died worldwide from tobacco-associated diseases such as cancer, chronic lung disease, diabetes and CVDs. Half of the 5 million deaths attributed to smoking in 2000 occurred in developing countries where smoking prevalence among men is nearly 50%. Today, 80% of the 1.2 billion smokers in the world live in poorer countries and, while tobacco consumption is falling in most developed countries, it is increasing in developing countries by about 3.4% per annum. However, albeit these striking facts, the majority of developing countries which signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) (Joossens, 2000) remain passive about the control of smoking. Obesity and dietary habits represent potential risk factors for CVDs (Kenchaiah et al., 2002), type 2 diabetes (Drewnowski and Specter, 2004), and some types of cancer (Key, 2002), especially in absence of physical activity (Derouich and Boutayeb, 2002 and WHO, 2003b). Fish is considered to be a useful food intake to prevent CVDs and reduction of CVD associated deaths (Stampfer, 2000). Similarly, intake of an adequate quantity of fresh fruit and vegetables is recommended to help reduce the risk of coronary disease, stroke and high blood pressure (WHO, 2002). But, developing countries finds it more fruitful to export most of the quality fruits and vegetable production in exchange of the foreign currency. Alcohol causes more than 2 million deaths every year in the world. It is particularly associated with liver disease and esophageal cancer. The increase in alcohol consumption in developing countries will add other hazards caused by violence and road accidents to the burden of disease. Public health policy and its implications Lee, Fustukian and Buse provide a helpful framework for disentangling four dimensions of global health policy-making (Lee et al, 2002) as:- * Policy Actors They are the power (political) who can drive the policy and decision making at a global level. In case of NCDs, United Nations, WHO, FAO, WTO, World bank, Codex Alimentarius Commission, etc. * Policy Process Process through which policy is developed and implemented. Interactions and relationship between policy actors. * Policy Context For NCDs, its global. * Policy Content Effective strategy should address universal prevention , selective or primary prevention for high risk group and targeted or secondary prevention and treatment for those with existing conditions. It is pretty clear that NCDs has its roots in unhealthy lifestyles or adverse physical and social environments. Risk factors like unhealthy nutrition over a prolonged period, smoking, physical inactivity, excessive use of alcohol, and psychosocial stress are among the major lifestyle issues. Now to our understanding, it is known that what has to be done so we have to work more on how to do it (Aulikki et al, 2001). Well planned community programmes can be a successful step towards this process. Several factors like cultural, psychological, political and economical factors has created a gap between what needs to be done and day to day happening in the developing countries because of which major health challenges cannot be achieved. So, a community programme will help in bridging this gap and also helps in changing the NCD related lifestyles (Ibid). . The policies made at an international level also require global processes which can help to achieve a stable policy change at a country level, thus reducing the long term harm associated with it. International law is an example for this type of process. Multilateral agreements contain legally binding obligations, such as the WHOs Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). FCTC includes hard law conventions. FCTC is an evidence-based treaty that identifies core areas of agreement over regulatory measures that involved countries are leally required to implement within their own domestic systems (WHO, 2005). Apart from FCTC, there are some soft law resolutions and declarations too, like United Millennium Declaration and WHOs Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (GSDPAH). WHO also worked in the area of chronic, lifestyle related diseases through Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (GSDPAH, 2004). It works on a strategy which builds on the role of t obacco, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity in the most NCDs. GSDPAH works in close relation with the UN agencies, the WTO, World Bank, other Development banks, Codex Airentarius Commission (WHO, 2004). One of the most significant health development programs within the United Nations system is the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs are a global partnership embracing ambitious goals to be achieved collectively within 15 years timeframe from 2000-2015 (Magnusson, 2007, p 6). The MDGs and FCTC serve as helpful models when considering ways of strengthening the global response to non-communicable diseases. The ideal step for developing countries to overcome the NCD epidemic and they have to plan and implement accordingly to control NCDs. Each community based prevention programmes require the same principles to be followed. As an example, The North Karelia Project in least developed areas of Finland which was based on low cost lifestyle modifications and community participation (Puska P et al, 1981). The reason to follow the general principle can be the collaboration between countries and different international organizations working on the similar fields and projects like WHOs countrywide Integrated Non Communicable Disease Intervention (CINDI, 1985). Even these sort of integrated programmes like CINDI were implemented in developed countries; they are now followed by the developing countries too. Many of these programmes are carried out in conjunction with the WHO integrated programmes, which was started in 1986. After the success of CINDI programme, American regional office had also l aunched CARMEN (AMRO) programme in 1990s. With the regional development experience, WHO has launched similar programme in Asian and African networks. In Latin America, Cuba is carrying out the NCD prevention programme from long time with the collaboration with the WHO activities where Havana and Cienfuegos as the main sites. Chile also participated in the Interhealth Programme CARMEN and was the first Latin American country to join this programme and many other countries followed it. Argentina has started PROPRIA heart health intervention as an active network at various demonstration sites (Aulikki, 2001). Africa has started community based CVD prevention programme long time back. Nigeria, Mauritius and united republic of Tanzania participated in Interhealth Programme and gained the positive responses. Mauritius intervention programme recorded considerable effect of nutrition policy and education interventions on diet and serum cholesterol levels, although rates of obesity and diabetes increased (Dowse G et al, 1995). Asias community-based initiatives have been initiated in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Singapore, India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Iran and other countries. Particularly active development has taken place in China, where the Interhealth Programme was involved in initiatives in Tianjin and Beijing (Tian et al, 1995) . The Tianjin project in China was one of the major project launched in 1984 in China. This project was also cooperating groups in Finland, China and USA for NCD control since 1989. This project focused on 4 leading NCDs of China, i.e. stroke, coronary heart disease, cancer and hypertension. The aim of this project was to reduce sodium intake in the population, decrease smoking especially among men and provide hypertension care by reorganizing the existing primary health care services. The result of this project shows a significant reduction in the sodium intake after three years and also reduction in number of patients of Obesity and hypertension among 45-65yrs old after five years of the intervention. Smoking cases were also reduced among men, especially those with the higher education (Aulikki et al, 2001). Health education and the media campaigns also play an important role in the community programmes. Media campaigning although leaves the less impact on the population, it is one of the effective measure in the comprehensive package. Health service intervention such as primary care centre in the long run can also be one of the most effective intervention tools. This strategy can more appropriately work where certain biological risk factors such as hypertension and high blood pressure are dealt with. Primary health care workers played an important role in both North Karelia project and Tianjin project (Ibid). The North Karelia project worked on a concept of Community organization where various sectors of the community were collaborated and involved. It involved many non governmental organizations (NGOs), such as Housewives` organizations. It is not easy to collaborate with the industries and businesses at a small community but a classic example for it is finlands cholesterol level, which reduces with the support and collaboration of the food industries, who supported the policy decisions (Puska P et al, 1986). Aulikki et al had made some recommendations for a successful NCD prevention program which must include the following factors. A good understanding of the community, close collaborations with the various community organisations and the involvement of the local population is important for any community intervention programme. It should combine well planned media and provide some communication messages in the community activities. It should involve different elements such as primary health care workers, food industries and supermarkets, voluntary organisations, schools work places, and local media for its success. It should be cost effective, mainly in the developing countries. For this reasonable outcome, effective dose intervention is a very important requirement (Aulikki et al, 2001). The increasing NCDs burden should be controlled by the developed and developing countries as a global health priority. International organisations with the national, regional and each individuals contribution can make these programme a success. Controlling of risk factors like smoking, alcohol, obesity, diet and inactivity, sexual and environmental factors are must and should be considered seriously and worked upon to treat it. The poverty and the high cost of prevention and treatment of chronic diseases causes burden on many countries and thus demands for international solidarity and public private partnership. The coordination of health decision makers, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, community groups and individuals is must for controlling the incidence of diseases, preventing the spread of epidemics and regulate the health management of human and material resources (Boutayeb, 2005). WHO is a political champion for coordinating global response. The developin g countries face problem in the implementation and enforcing the policies that are set up by the international legal standards which have a normative role and also these legal standards are not self executing, so compliance can be monitored by the NGOs and government. A global approach in a way like this could reduce health inequalities (Magnusson, 2007). REFERENCES  · Anand K, Shah B, Yadav K, Singh R, Mathur P, Paul E, Kapoor S K (2007), Are the urban poor vulnerable to non-communicable diseases? A survey of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in urban slums of Faridabad, The National Medical Journal of India, Vol. 20, No. 3,   p 115-120.  · Aulikki Nissinen, Ximena Berrios, Pekka Puska (2001), Community-based non-communicable disease interventions: lessons from developed countries for developing ones, Bull World Health Organvol.79no.10.  · Beaglehole R, Yach D (2003), Globalization and the prevention and control of non-communicable disease: the neglected chronic diseases of adults, The Lancet; 362: 903-08. * Boutayeb Abdesslam (2006), The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 100, Issue 3, Pages 191-199 .  · Countrywide integrated non-communicable diseases intervention (CINDI) Programme. Copenhagen, WHO, Europe, 1995. * Dowse G (1995), Changes in population cholesterol concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factor levels after five years of the non-communicable disease intervention programme in Mauritius, British Medical Journal, 311: 1255 ¾1259. * Ezzati M, Lopez A (2003), Estimates of Global Mortality Attributable to Smoking in 2000. TheLancet, 362:847-852. * Guindon G, Boisclair D (2003), Past, Current and Future Trends in Tobacco Use-Health, Jamison D, Breman J, Measham A, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans D (2006), Priorities in Health, Washington DC, World Bank.  · Horton Richard (2005), The neglected epidemic of chronic disease, The Lancet, Volume 366, Issue 9496, Page 1514. * Lee K, Fustukian S, Buse K (2002), An Introduction to Global Health Policy, Health Policy in a Globalising World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 2002:3-17. * Leeder S, Raymond S, Greenberg H, Liu H, Esson K (2004), A Race Against Time: The Challenge of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Economies, New York, Columbia University. * Magnusson R S (2007), Open Access Non-communicable diseases and global health governance: enhancing global processes to improve health development, Globalisation and health; 3:2.   (http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/3/1/2). * Mehan M B, Srivastava N, Pandya H, (2006), Profile of noncommunicable disease risk factor in an industrial setting, J Postgrad Med;52:167-173. * Miranda J J, Kinra S, Casas J P, Smith G D , Ebrahim S (2008), Non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: context, determinants and health policy, Trop Med Int Health; 13(10): 1225-1234. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687091). * Murray J L and Lopez A D (1996), The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA.  · Puska P (1981), The North Karelia Project: Evaluation of a comprehensive community programme for control of cardiovascular diseases in North Karelia, Finland, 1972-1977, Copenhagen, WHO, Europe. * Semenciw R M, Morrison H I, Mao Y, Johansen H, Davies J W , Wigle D T. (1988), Major Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Adults: Results from the Nutrition Canada Survey Cohort, International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol.17, No.2, p 317-324.  · Reddy K S (2002), Cardiovascular diseases in the developing countries: dimensions, determinants, dynamics and directions for public health action, Public Health Nutrition 5, pp. 231-237.  · WHO (2002), Reducing Risk: Promoting Health Life, World Health Organization, Geneva, Annual Report. * WHO (2003b), Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of Chronic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Technical Report Series No. 916.  · WHO (2004), Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, WHA57.17.  · WHO (2005), WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, WHA56.1 * Yusuf S, Reddy K S, Ounpu S, Anand S (2001), Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: Part I: General considerations, the epidemiological transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization, Circulation 1

The Harlem Renaissance: Writers Reacting To Their Political Environmen

The Harlem Renaissance emerged during turbulent times for the world, the United States, and black Americans. World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 had left the world in disorder and stimulated anticolonial movements throughout the third world. In America, twenty years of progressive reform ended with the red scare, race riots, and isolationism throughout 1919 and led to conservative administrations through the twenties. While blacks were stunned by racial violence near the end of the decade and were frustrated by the lack of racial progress that progressivism had made, they were now armed with new civil rights organizations and confronted the approaching decade with new hope and determination. Education and employment opportunities had led to the development of a small black middle class. Few blacks thought that their future lay in the economically depressed rural South and hundreds of thousands migrated to seek prosperity and opportunity in the North. As these more educa ted and socially conscious blacks settled into New York’s neighborhood of Harlem, it developed into the cultural and political center of black America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1910s also marked the rising of a political agenda advocating racial equality throughout the black community, especially in the growing black middle class. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founded to fight for the rights of blacks, and black sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois pushed the agenda. Black nationalist Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association’s efforts also reflected the agenda and helped to inspire racial pride among working class blacks in the 1920s. This decade would bear witness to the long struggle against political disenfranchisement in the South and a change from traditional black political alignments in the North. Feminists too, having achieved victory in their campaign for suffrage, still faced more subtle obstacles on their road to equality. In addition, the ghettoization of American cities, the persistence of poverty in the midst of prosperity, and the disproportionate involvemen t of blacks in both of these processes challenged perceptions about the effectiveness of the American system.1 In 1926, professor Alain Locke observed, â€Å"The younger generation is vibrant with a new psychology.† which was shown by a shift from â€Å"†¦soci... ...nce. NY: Doubleday, 1991. Gates, Jr., Henry Louis and McKay, Nellie Y. African American Literature. NY: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997. The Harlem Renaissance. University of North Carolina. 20 March 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Haskins, Jim. The Harlem Renaissance. Brookfield, CT: The Millbrook Press, 1996. Hornsby, Jr., Alton. â€Å"Black Americans.† The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, World Book, Inc., 1992. Langston Hughes. University of North Carolina. 20 March 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  < http://www.unc.edu/courses/eng81br1/lang2.html>. Lewis, David Levering, ed. The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader. NY: Viking Penguin, 1994. Meltzer, Milton. The Black Americans: A History in Their Own Words. NY: Ty Crowell, 1984. Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2 vol. NY: Oxford Publishing, 1988. Turner, Darwin T. â€Å"Langston Hughes.† The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1992. Wintz, Cary D. Black Culture and the Harlem Renaissance. Houston, Rice University Press, 1988. Wintz, Cary DeCordova. â€Å"Harlem Renaissance.† The Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Danbury, CT: Microsoft, Inc., 1999.

Effective Punishment in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarle

Effective Punishment in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne, Author of The Scarlet Letter, criticizes that the style of punishment used by the Puritan Religion was radical, inhumane, and cold. He argues that the outcome of their punishments' was damaging to the characters and their personality. However, this accusation is false. The punishments although seemingly inhumane, caused positive outcomes for all three characters Hester Prynne, Pearl Prynne, and Arthur Dimmesdale. Hester Prynne is accused of adultery in a Massachusetts puritan colony in the 1600's. (Hawthorne, 49) Although Hawthorne argues that Hester Prynne was hardened both socially and physically by puritan punishment, the outcome makes her more independent and stronger as a person. She begins to aid the less fortunate, sick, and poor in her community. "so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman's strength." (Hawthorne, 148). The community begins to accept her as a humanitarian, and realize that she is actually a very giving and strong willed person (The Scarlet Letter). Hester begins to think more independ...

Essay --

Knowledge has always been a parameter through which human progress has been measured, Knowledge could be an aspect gained from a fact or a situation present. The production of knowledge relies on different ways of knowing, sense perception, emotion, reason and language. The production of knowledge differs from each human being leading to acquiring of personal knowledge and contributing to the shared knowledge. Society also plays a role in influencing the production of knowledge through various judgments that it passes on the manner in which knowledge is produced. Ethics is a set of principles which are morally right and are used to govern people’s actions and on the basis of that judgments are passed, rules made and norms are established. This leads us to the issue : to what extent does compromising ethical judgement lead to useful knowledge in natural science and arts. Experiments in certain disciplines are considered ethically wrong. Theses ethical judgements gets translated into legal judgements and ban experiments in that field.This to some extent hampers the application and usage of knowledge in that particular field for example- In my biology class, I have learnt about steroids- anabolic steroids which stimulate the testosterone hormone used to enhance athletes’ performance and stamina. However such usage gives athletes an unfair advantage, and it is for this reason sport regulating bodies ban anabolic steroid usage by athletes and deem experiments that use the study of steroids on athletic performance unethical. In this manner while the usage of knowledge is being discouraged the experiments that study the use of steroids still continue. From another perspective, it may be argued that ethical judgment does not complet... ...ns to produce knowledge rather than scientist. The reason being is that there is greater danger on human life and safety being affected by methods used in the production of knowledge in natural science. Although Artist can strongly effect the mental state of health of society and can affect lives this way and this may sometimes have a greater impact on humans. Novels, propoganda , movies have known to cause strong disturbances between societies. However the limitation of production of knowledge in arts tend to be within national boundaries or even different regions of the same country while as limitation of production of knowledge in Science seems to have a more universal approach. We should accept ethical judgement as taking caution in the methods available for production of knowledge so that safety and health is not compromised and moral judgements not crossed.

Unit 3: Supporting Children Level 3

CACHE Level 3 Certificate and Level 3 Diploma in Child Care and Education. Unit 3: Supporting Children Dressing Appropraitely- To be a good role model for young children in a school setting, i think it's very important to dress appropriately. When i'm at my placement i wear my college T-shirt to make it clear to staff and parents that i'm not a member of staff and that i am only a student. It is very important that parents know that i am only a student, as they will know not to tell me any information or details that could put me in a uncomfortable situation.I always make sure your hair is tied up to prevent any accidents that may happen, you should also make sure your make-up looks natural as you will look more friendly to the children and it will show you respect the schools rules. Dressing appropriately makes you more approachable to the children than someone with lots of make-up on. Using Positive Language – It is very important to use good and positive language around you ng children. while children are young they can copy most things you say to them so you need them to be copying positive language. sing good and positive language around children can teach them about good manners, you teach good language through communicating with the children, by having conversations and doing different activities with them. While i'm on my placement i am always hearing the children say something i had said to them earlier on, this made me realise how quickly they pick up on things you say to them. I now know to keep using good and positive language to and around the children to encourage them to do the same. Being Helpful – Being helpful is a great way to be a good role model. Relevant materials: Cache Level 3, Childcare Unit 1 AssignmentWhen i'm on my placement i am always asking my supervisors if i can help out with anything around the classroom. If there is ever a time that i have nothing to do or i'm not sure what i'm meant to be doing i always ask if i can join in with the activities that they are doing. I think joining in with activities that the children are doing is a great way to build positive relationships with them and they know that you enjoy being abit silly with them. When all the children have finished playing with the toys they have got out i always encourage them to tidy it up and put it back where they found it. ncouraging children will teach them that they always need to tidy up after themselves and tidy away the toys that they have been playing with. You should always show then children when and how to tidy up. All this can help them progress their hygiene skills. Being Organised – While i'm on my placement i try to be as organi sed as i can be. I always make sure that i'm wearing my placement T-shirt and i have always got my folder. It's very important to encourage children to be organised themselves, you can do this by getting them used to their classroom routines which will help them be more independant.Helping the children to tidy up after themselves can also get them organised, as soon as they learn that they should always clear up after themselves the children will keep on doing it. Always remind the children what they should be doing, for example at home time they need to remember all the things they need to take home with them. Repeating the things they need to take home will help them remember and will stick in their mind this should make things alot easier. Appropriate behaviour – The most important thing to being a good role model is to always behave appropriately around children.When working in a primary school we can behave appropriately by talking to them on their level and not talking down to them. We should also let them know what sort of behaviour is expected of them while they are in our class and make them aware of the concequences of mis-behaving. If they are upset or hurt we should sit them down and talk to them being sympathetic about what has happened. If there is someone in the class being disruptive or not listening we should try to get them more involved in the activities we are doing to help keep them busy.

Park internet gambling Essay

Chapter IV Sub problem 1: What is the main reason of IT students to enter gambling through the use of computer games? Reasons| Male(n= 58)| %| Female(n=42)| %| Totaln=100| %| Rank| Lack of Money| 15| 26%| 13| 31%| 28| 28%| 8| To forget love problems| 14| 24%| 10| 24%| 24| 24%| 10| For Enjoyment| 43| 74%| 33| 79%| 76| 76%| 2| To earn extra income| 14| 24%| 9| 21%| 23| 23%| 11| Addiction in Playing| 33| 57%| 25| 60%| 58| 58%| 3| Lack of love from family| 1| .98%| 7| 17%| 8| 8%| 12| Peer Pressure| 23| 40%| 14| 33%| 37| 37%| 7| Past Time| 49| 85%| 38| 90%| 87| 87%| 1| To avoid boredom| 29| 50%| 14| 33%| 43| 43%| 5| To Socialize & meet new friends| 16| 28%| 11| 26%| 27| 27%| 9| Hobby| 28| 48%| 23| 55%| 51| 51%| 4| Stress Reliever| 23| 40%| 16| 38%| 39| 39%| 6| Out of 42 female respondents, majority of them says that they are playing computer games and entering gambling for past time and the least reason that they have chosen is also the same as the male respondents answered, lack of love from family maybe because it’s not a big deal for them to handle family issues. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Rank 1= Past Time Rank 10= To Forget Love Problems Rank 2= Enjoyment Rank 11= to earn extra income Rank 3= Addiction in Playing Rank 12= Lack of love from Family Rank 4= Hobby Rank 5= to avoid Boredom Rank 6= Stress Reliever Rank 7= Peer Pressure Rank 8= Lack of Money Rank 9= To Socialize SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The purpose of this study is to know the reasons of the I.T Students why their used to gamble using computer games. We conducted a survey to know their reasons. We gathered some information to our classmates who used to gamble using computer games. The questionnaire was spread in all I.T Students of Institute Technology. We made 100 copies of questionnaire for us to evaluate their own reasons. We also gave them 15 questions to choose 5 main of their reasons to enter this kind of gamble. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.thedti.gov.za/news2011/Appendix.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gambling_Impact_Study_Commission_Act POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Polytechnic University of the Philippines Institute of Technology Sta. Mesa Manila Dear IT Students: This survey was conducted to determine the Reason of IT students to enter the gambling through the use of Computer Games. Truly yours, Students of ICMT Name: __________________________________ Course:______________________ School: _______________________________________________________________________ Topic: Reasons of the IT Students to enter gambling through the use of Computer Games. Directions: Choose 5 specific problems why IT Students enter gambling through the use of computer games. ( ) Because Lack of Money ( ) To forget Love Problems ( ) For Enjoyment ( ) To earn extra income ( ) Addiction in Playing ( ) Lack of love from Family ( ) Peer Pressure ( ) Past Time ( ) To avoid boredom ( ) To Socialize & meet new friends ( ) Hobby ( ) Stress Reliever Hypothesis There are differences on the respondents of the I.T Students in Institute of Technology between their answers in the survey that we provided. In reasons of the I.T Students to enter gambling through the use of the computer games (Lack of Money), (To forget love problems), (For Enjoyment) (To earn extra income), (Addiction in playing), (Lack of love from family), (Peer Pressure) (Past time), (To avoid boredom), (To Socialize and meet new friends), (Hobby) and (Stress Reliever). Scope and Limitation of the student This study covered the reasons of the I.T Students to enter gambling through the use of Computer Games. There are weaknesses and limitations associated with the study. Steps to improve the reliability of self-report include the assurance of anonymity. Although the participants were encouraged to answer honestly and reminded that their responses would be anonymous, they may not have been entirely honest in their self- reported gambling behaviors and may have intentionally or unintentionally given false information about the variables under study. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES This study sought the reasons of the I.T Students to enter the gambling through the use of computer games. Specifically, this research determined each reason of the students. IT students would benefit from this research because they can manage more efficiently and reduced the time that they wasting for the computer games. A lack of exposure may also mean the I.T students are less aware of the Potential risks associated with gambling. A lack of experience is also likely to mean the students are less familiar with strategies for self†regulating gambling such as taking a set amount of money to venues and mixing gambling with other forms of entertainment. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Out of 58 male respondents, majority of them says that they are playing computer games and entering gambling for past time and the least reason that they have chosen is lack of love from family maybe because it’s not a big deal for them to handle family issues. Out of 42 female respondents, majority of them says that they are playing computer games and entering gambling for past time and the least reason that they have chosen is also the same as the male respondents answered, lack of love from family maybe because it’s not a big deal for them to handle family issues. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Foreign Studies Mark D Griffiths and Jonathan Park Internet gambling is a relatively under-researched area. While our current knowledge remains in its infancy and the prevalence rates are relatively low, researchers and cliniciansare predicting greater involvement among youth. A comprehensive search of the relevant literature was undertaken. The resulting relevant literature was classified into four areas. These were (a) the empirical studies on adolescent internet gambling, (b) online gambling-like experiences in adolescence, (c) adolescent gambling via social networking sites, and (d) adolescent gambling via online penny auction sites. Age verification in relation to prevention and regulation is also examined. It is concluded that young people appear to be very proficient in using and accessing new media and are likely to be increasingly exposed to remote gambling opportunities. These young people will therefore require education and guidance to enable them to cope with the challenges of convenience gambling in all its guises. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Local Studies The National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act of 1996 (Public, 110 Stat. 1482, enacted August 3, 1996) is an Act of Congress that was signed into law by President of the United States Bill Clinton. This legislation established the National Gambling Impact Study Commission in 1997 to conduct a comprehensive legal and factual study of the social and economic impacts of gambling in the United States on: (1) Federal, State, local, and Native American tribal governments; and (2) communities and social institutions generally, including individuals, families, and businesses within such communities and institutions. Mandates a report to the President, the Congress, State Governors, and Native American tribal governments. Requires the Commission to contract with the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations and the United States National Research Council for assistance with the study. Authorizes appropriations. Specifically the commission was to look at the following: 1. existing policies and practices concerning the legalization of prohibition of gambling 2. the relationship between gambling and crime 3. the nature and impact of pathological and problem gambling 4. the impacts of gambling on individuals, communities, and the economy, including depressed economic areas 5. the extent to which gambling revenue had benefited various governments and whether alternative revenue sources existed 6. the effects of technology, including the Internet on gambling The study lasted two years, and in 1999 the commission released it final report. There was a separate section on Indian gaming provided.[2] POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Statement of the problem Moreover, there has been little research documenting whether general gaming education has any effect on students’ gambling attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions. Hence, there remains a void for studies related to these factors. College administrators and student affairs professionals have been criticized for the lack of attention and recognition of the gambling issue on campuses. A study by Shaffer, et al (2005) revealed that although gambling is commonplace on college campuses, only 22 percent of 119 schools studied had adopted any type of gambling policy.

Nature of Creativity

Creativity has been defined in many ways but one feature that is always mentioned is novelty (Sternberg, 1988). That is, the product of a creative endeavor should always be relatively unlike what has been done before. Novelty presupposes that creativity is a process that allows the mind to work out new solutions to problems, to be innovative and to be original. Just how the brain works so that the individual can become creative has been the subject of debate for a long time, creativity is often thought as a component of intelligence wherein highly intelligent persons all seem to be creative thus Guilford (1989) have argued that creativity can be assessed as part of intelligence tests. Creativity as a process involve factors like fact-finding, problem-finding, solution-finding and acceptance-finding (VanGundy, 1987). This implies that creativity is a complex process that can only be arrived at if the mentioned factors have been satisfied. Like when a writer desires to start on a new book, he/she must first research the existing facts about the topic he wants to write about, then he/she goes on to look for the issues or problems within the facts and start writing from that angle, in writing she is starting to form solutions that are different from what has been existing and then scrutinize what has been written to determine if it is acceptable to him/her and judge whether it is creative or not. Creativity is also facilitated by cognitive skills such as visualization, imagination, expressiveness, flexibility, fluency and openness (Finke, Ward & Smith, 1992). This would mean that creative thought process can only occur if the person is able to make use of the said cognitive skills. When a child is asked to come up with new arrangements of blocks, he/she must have an understanding of what blocks are and then to be able to visualize the possible arrangements, to imagine how he/she would build the blocks, to maybe express her thoughts by acting on her imagination like moving the blocks, and to arrange and rearrange it as being flexible and open about how he/she could accomplish the task. These skills can be developed through training and learning or it can be inherent personality traits that a person is born with. Creativity has been compared to problem-solving since it involves the same cognitive skills and process, but creativity is different from problem-solving in the sense that creativity is finding an original solution to the problem. Problem-solving on the other hand has to rely on previous learning and understanding of the situation and to logically solve the problem. Wherein, a person who has been asked to solve a mathematical problem has to consider the laws of numbers and to rationally find the solution to the math question using principles and concepts that govern the field of math. If it was a creative endeavor, then the person can approach the same problem in different ways and come up with the same answer. In short, problem-solving usually follow the correct way of arriving at the answer, while creativity make or develop its own and original solution. Creativity can also be a social process, this mean that creativity is enhanced or developed by the immediate environment of the individual (Amabile, 1983). A company that values creativity encourages the individual to engage in creative thought, while a rigid and structured work environment leaves very little opportunity for creativity. Moreover, a child that grow up in a family where creativity is reinforced and appreciated would more likely become creative in their own lives and parents who stifle their child’s curiosity and punishes creative behavior would be less likely to express their own creativity. Developing Creativity It is important to realize that creativity is a process and that it can be developed in children and adults alike. Practical ways of training a person to become creative involves asking the person what he/she is passionate about, what he/she wants to do that makes him/her happy and which tasks challenges him/her. In this way, the person becomes aware of his/her interests which will serve as the training ground with which creativity can be geared at. For example, the thing that the person loves doing is preparing slide shows for presentations, then the next thing to do is to give the person the opportunity to work on a task that would require him/her to be creative, like asking him/her to create a presentation that is different from the previous one he/she have presented. Another way is to instruct the individual to generate a number of ideas and to explore each idea and find out which is novel and original. The individual’s attempts at being creative should also be recognized and appreciated which would reinforce creative behavior, this is important because to produce something that is creative is subject to how people will react to it and whether it is novel or not, if the individual is praised for showing creativity then he/she would be able to differentiate what is creative thinking. The environment of the individual should also be changed to facilitate creativity, materials for creative thinking should be readily available, he/she should be able to express his/her ideas freely and to be given ample time to work on tasks. The individual can also learn from role models who can be identified as creative personalities. The way these people create new ideas and or things can show the individual how to become creative. By providing him/her with examples, he/she would come to understand what creativity is and what behaviors are indicative of creativity. Lastly, personal traits like being open-minded, flexible, curious, not afraid of change or of doing new things and being excited at creating something should be developed in that person. These attitudes are important because it facilitates brainstorming, innovation, discovery and critical thinking that are necessary for creative thought processes. Helping an individual become creative can only be successful if the person has the willingness and desire to explore his/her creativity, thus even if one provides every opportunity to enable them to become creative is useless if they are not interested in enhancing their creativity. References Amabile, T. (1983). The Social Psychology of Creativity. New York: Springer-Verlag. Finke, R., Ward, T. & Smith, S. (1992). Creative Cognition. Cambridge: Bradford/MIT Press. Guilford, J. (1986). Creative Talents: Their Nature, Uses and Development. New York: Bearly Ltd. Sternberg, R. (1988). The Nature of Creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press. VanGundy, A. (1987). Creative Problem Solving. New York: Quorum.